Class 10 History Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

 Here are Class 10 History – Chapter 2: "Nationalism in India" topic-wise detailed notes with all important key points, based on the NCERT textbook:

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📘 Class 10 History Chapter 2: Nationalism in India – Topic-wise Detailed Notes

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🔶 1. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement

📌 Key Points:

• WWI (1914–18) created economic hardship in India (rise in prices, food shortage).

• Britain forced Indians to fight in war; led to anger and unrest.

• After war, Rowlatt Act (1919) passed to suppress political activities → allowed arrest without trial.

• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919, Amritsar): General Dyer fired on peaceful protestors.

• Khilafat Movement launched by Ali brothers to protest the harsh treatment of the Khalifa (Ottoman Caliph) after WWI.

• Gandhiji supported Khilafat, merged it with Non-Cooperation Movement.

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🔶 2. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)

📌 Key Points:

• Gandhiji declared Swaraj as the goal (freedom through non-violence).

• Launched in 1920 after Jallianwala Bagh and Khilafat Movement.

• Promoted boycott of:

  • British schools and colleges

  • Law courts

  • Foreign clothes

  • Government institutions

• Promoted swadeshi goods, khadi, and national education.

• Chauri Chaura Incident (1922): Violence by protestors → police station burned → Gandhiji called off the movement.

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🔶 3. Different Strands Within the Movement

📌 Key Points:

➤ In Cities:

• Middle-class movement.

• Students, lawyers, teachers gave up government jobs.

• Impact limited due to:

  • Lack of alternative institutions

  • Return to government jobs and schools

➤ In Countryside:

• Peasants in Awadh (led by Baba Ramchandra):

  • Demanded reduction of rent, abolition of begar.

  • Against talukdars and landlords.

  • Congress was initially hesitant to support violent protests.

• Tribal Movements in Andhra (Gudem Hills):

  • Led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.

  • Used guerrilla warfare.

  • Protested against forest laws and British officials.

• Workers in Plantations (Assam):

  • Wanted to return home.

  • Inspired by Gandhi’s message.

  • Movement suppressed by British.

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🔶 4. Towards Civil Disobedience

📌 Key Points:

• Simon Commission (1928): All-white commission, no Indian members → protest across India.

• Lahore Session (1929) of Congress: Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) declared.

• 26th January 1930: First Independence Day observed (now Republic Day).

• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) launched.

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🔶 5. Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34)

📌 Key Points:

• Started with Dandi March: Gandhiji marched 240 miles to make salt at Dandi (violation of Salt Law).

• Salt was symbolic → essential for all, but heavily taxed.

• Demands of the movement:

  • Abolish salt tax

  • Reduce land revenue

  • Release political prisoners

  • End untouchability

• Participation:

  • Women: Picketed shops, joined protests.

  • Businessmen: Supported initially but later withdrew due to repression.

  • Peasants: Demanded lower taxes.

• Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931):

  • Gandhiji agreed to attend 2nd Round Table Conference.

  • British agreed to release political prisoners.

• Second Phase (1932): Gandhiji arrested; movement resumed but later lost momentum.

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🔶 6. Limits of Civil Disobedience Movement

📌 Key Points:

• Dalit (Depressed Classes) demands:

  • Separate electorates demanded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

  • Gandhiji opposed → believed it would divide Hindus.

  • Poona Pact (1932): Reserved seats in provincial legislatures for Dalits, no separate electorates.

• Muslim League didn’t fully participate.

• Hindu-Muslim unity weakened due to communal tensions and separate electorates.

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🔶 7. Sense of Collective Belonging

📌 Key Points:

• Nationalism grew through symbols, songs, folklore, and images.

• Examples:

  • Tricolor flag (red, green, yellow)

  • Vande Mataram song (from Anandamath)

  • Bharat Mata painted by Abanindranath Tagore

  • Folk tales, history of heroic figures inspired unity.

• Idea of nationhood was created and strengthened.

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📌 Chapter Summary Table:

Topic	Key Details
First World War	Economic crisis, forced army recruitment
Rowlatt Act	Detention without trial
Jallianwala Bagh	Massacre led by General Dyer
Khilafat & Non-Cooperation	Merged movements under Gandhiji
Rural Movements	Awadh (peasants), Gudem Hills (tribals)
Civil Disobedience	Dandi March, Salt Law broken
Gandhi-Irwin Pact	Agreed to attend Round Table Conference
Dalits & Poona Pact	Ambedkar-Gandhi agreement
Symbols of Unity	Bharat Mata, flag, songs, folklore

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