Class 8 History – Chapter 3: Ruling the Countryside

 Here are Class 8 History Chapter 3: "Ruling the Countryside" topic-wise detailed notes with key points, as per NCERT curriculum:

📚 Class 8 History – Chapter 3: Ruling the Countryside

✨ 1. The Company Becomes the Diwan (1765)

  • In 1765, the East India Company got Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa from the Mughal emperor.

  • Diwani = Right to collect revenue and taxes.

  • Company became both administrator and economic ruler.

  • Aim: Earn maximum revenue to finance trade and administration.

🔑 Key Points:

  • Diwani granted in 1765.

  • Company officials became revenue collectors.

  • British economic control over Indian villages begins.

🌾 2. Revenue for the Company

  • British aimed to increase revenue collection to improve trade.

  • Focus shifted to agriculture and collecting taxes from peasants.

  • Introduced new revenue systems to ensure regular income.

🧾 3. The Need to Improve Agriculture

  • Company believed Indian agriculture was backward.

  • Thought that improving agriculture would increase production and revenue.

  • Led to experiments with different systems like:

📜 4. The Permanent Settlement (1793)

  • Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal.

  • Zamindars were made hereditary landowners.

  • They had to pay fixed revenue to the Company annually.

  • If failed, their land was auctioned.

🔑 Key Points:

  • Introduced in 1793.

  • Fixed revenue — regardless of harvest.

  • Zamindars often lost lands due to inability to pay.

  • Peasants were burdened.

💼 5. Problems with the Permanent Settlement

  • Zamindars did not improve land.

  • Peasants suffered due to high taxes.

  • Company didn’t get desired revenue.

  • Led to introduction of other systems like:

🚜 6. Mahalwari System (1822)

  • Introduced in North-Western Provinces (UP).

  • Land was divided into Mahals (villages).

  • Revenue was fixed based on produce and village customs.

  • Collected through village headmen.

🌱 7. Ryotwari System

  • Introduced in Madras and Bombay Presidencies.

  • Revenue was collected directly from peasants (ryots).

  • No zamindars involved.

  • Also imposed high taxes, leading to peasant hardship.

🔑 Key Points:

  • British officials fixed land revenue.

  • No middlemen — direct collection.

  • Peasants suffered under heavy demands.

🌿 8. Crops for Europe – Indigo Cultivation

  • British demanded commercial crops like indigo for textile industries in Europe.

  • Indigo used for blue dye in textiles.

🧪 9. Two Main Systems of Indigo Cultivation

(a) Nij System:

  • Planters grew indigo on their own lands.

  • Needed large area and many laborers.

  • Difficult due to lack of labor and fertile land.

(b) Ryoti System:

  • More common.

  • Indigo grown on ryots’ (peasants') land under a contract.

  • Peasants had to grow indigo instead of food crops.

  • Planters gave loans (dadon), forcing ryots into debt.

💥 10. The Blue Rebellion (1859)

  • Peasants in Bengal revolted against forced indigo cultivation.

  • Refused to grow indigo.

  • Burnt factories and attacked agents.

  • Planters fled the area.

📝 11. Aftermath and Impact

  • The British Government appointed a Commission to investigate.

  • Indigo farming was banned in Bengal.

  • Shifted to Bihar, but resistance continued.

✅ Summary of Key Learnings

  • British rule changed Indian agriculture.

  • Introduction of revenue systems like Permanent, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.

  • Indigo cultivation led to exploitation.

  • Blue Rebellion was a significant example of peasant resistance.


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